About the Writer

Sources

The Intro

Ceballos, G., P.R. Ehrlick, & R. Dirzo. (2017). Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114(30): E6089-E6096.

Thomas, C. D., A. Cameron, R. E. Green, M. Bakkenes, L. J. Beaumont, Y. C. Collingham, B. F. N. Erasmus, M. Ferreira de Siqueira, A. Grainger, Lee Hannah, L. Hughes, Brian Huntley, A. S. van Jaarsveld, G. F. Midgley, L. Miles, M. A. Ortega-Huerta, A. Townsend Peterson, O. L. Phillips, and S. E. Williams. (2004). Extinction risk from climate change. Nature. 427: 145–148.

Van Dooren, T. (2016). Flight Ways: Life and Loss at the Edge of Extinction. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

The Tapestry

Barnosky, A.D., N. Matzke, S. Tomiya, G. Wogan, B. Swartz, T.B., Quental, C. Marshall, J.L. McGuire, E.L. Lindsey, K.C., Maguire, B. Mersey, & E.A., Ferrer. (2011) Has the sixth mass extinction already arrived? Nature. 571: 51-57.

Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Or, the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle of Life. London: J. Murray, Print.

De Vos, J.M., L.N. Joppa, J.L. Gittleman, P.R. Stephens, & S.L. Pimm. (2015). Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction. Conservation Biology. 29(2): 452-62.

Hublin, J., A. Ben-Ncer, S.E. Bailey, S.E. Freidline, S. Neubauer, M.M. Skinner, I. Bergmann, A. Le Cabec, S. Benazzi, K. Harvati & P. Gunz. (2017). New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo Sapiens. Nature. 546: 289-292.

Zimmer, C. (2005). How and Where did Life on Earth Arise? Science. 309(5731): 89

The Game

Carter, G.G. & G.S. Wilkinson. (2012). Food sharing in Vampire bats: reciprocal help predicts donations more than relatedness or harassment. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 280: 20122573.

Greshko, M. (2015, November 2017). Why Female Vampire Bats Donate Blood to Friends. National Geographic. Retrieved from https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/11/151117-vampire-bats-blood-food-science-animals/.

Hamilton, W.D. (1964). The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour. I. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 7: 1-16.

Hamilton W.D. (1971). Geometry for the Selfish Herd. Journal of Theoretical Biology. 31:2. 295-311.

Strassman, J.E., Y. Zhu & D.C. Queller. (2000). Altruism and social cheating in the social amoeba Dictyostelium dischoideum. Nature. 408(6815): 965–7.

Trivers, R.L. (1971). The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology. 46(1): 35-57.

The Ancestors

Hare, B. & Kwetuenda, S. (2010). Bonobos voluntarily share their own food with others. Current Biology. 20(5). R230-R231.

Hare, B. (2017). Survival of the Friendliest: Homo sapiens Evolved via Selection for Prosociality. Annual Review of Psychology. 68:155-186.

Hare, B., A.P. Melis, V. Woods, S. Hastings, & R. Wrangham. (2007). Tolerance Allows Bonobos to Outperform Chimpanzees on a Cooperative Task. Current Biology. 17(7). pp. 619-623.

Hirata, S. & Fuwa, K. (2007). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) learn to act with other individuals in a cooperative task. Primates. 48:13-21.

Hogenboom, M. (2015, September 29). Why are we the only human species still alive? BBC Earth. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20150929-why-are-we-the-only-human-species-still-alive.

Melis, A.P. & Semman, D. (2010). How is human cooperation different? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 365:2663-2674.

Mitchell, M. W. & Gonder, M. K. (2013) Primate speciation: A case study of African apes. Nature Education Knowledge 4(2):1

Rosati, A.G. (2017). Chimpanzee cognition and the roots of the human mind. In: Chimpanzees and Human Evolution (M. Muller, R. Wrangham & D. Pilbeam, eds.). Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 703-745.

Tomasello, M. & M. Carpenter. (2007). Shared Intentionality. Developmental Science. 10(1). pp. 121-125.

Warneken, F., F. Chen & M. Tomasello. (2006). Cooperative Activities in Young Children and Chimpanzees. Child Development. 22(3): 640–663.

The Tool

Goodall, J. (1964). Tool-using and aimed throwing in a community of free-living chimpanzees. Nature. 201: 1264– 1266.

Greshko, M. (2018, January 8). Why these birds carry flames in their beaks. National Geographic. Retrieved from https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/01/wildfires-birds-animals-australia/.

Jabr, F. (2014, February 26). The Science is In: Elephants are even smarter than we realized. Scientific American. Retrieved from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-science-is-in-elephants-are-even-smarter-than-we-realized-video/.

Morgan, T.J.H., Uomini, N.T., Rendell, L.E., Chouinard-Thuly, L., Street, S.E., Lewis, H.M., Cross, C.P., Evans, C., Kearney, R., de la Torre, I., Whiten, A. & Laland, K.N. (2015). Experimental Evidence for the co-evolution of hominin tool-making teaching and language. Nature Communications. 6:6029.

Sokalski, Ed. (2011, May 24). How much energy is there in a barrel of oil? The Morning Call. Retrieved from http://articles.mcall.com/2011-05-24/opinion/mc-barrel-oil-explainit-20110524_1_actual-barrels-oil-and-oil-products-btu.

Tennie, C., Call, Josep., & Michael Tomasello. (2009). Ratcheting up the ratchet: on the evolution of cumulative culture. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 364(1528): 2405–2415.

Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W.C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C.E.G., Wrangham, R.W., & Boesch, C. (1999). Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature. 399: 682–685.

Wrangham, R. (2009). Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. New York, NY: Basic Books.

The Effect

Bernhard, A. (2010) The Nitrogen Cycle: Processes, Players, and Human Impact. Nature Education Knowledge. 3(10):25.

Chapman, R.L. (2010). Algae: the world’s most important “plants” – an introduction. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change. 18: 5–12.

Erickson, J. (2011, April 13). Invasive mussels causing massive ecological changes in Great Lakes. Michigan Today. Retrieved from http://michigantoday.umich.edu/a7981/.

Koneswaran, G. & D. Nierenberg. (2008). Global farm animal production and global warming: Impacting and mitigating climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives. 116(5): 578-582.

Plowes, N. (2010) An Introduction to Eusociality. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):7.

The Unraveling

Ecological Footprint. Global Footprint Network. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.footprintnetwork.org/our-work/ecological-footprint/.

Hsiang, S.M., M. Burke & E. Miguel. (2013). Quantifying the Influence of Climate on human Conflict. Science. 341(6151): 1235367.

Wehner, M.F., J.R. Arnold, T. Knutson, K.E. Kunkel, and A.N. LeGrande, 2017: Droughts, floods, and wildfires. In: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 231-256